ABSTRACT
The ethnic revival movements The Black civil rights movement that emerged in the 1960s stimulated the rise of ethnic revival movements throughout the United States as well as in other parts of the world (Banton, 1983). A major goal of these ethnic movements was to change the social, economic, and political systems so that structurally excluded and powerless ethnic groups would attain social and economic mobility and educational equality. The demand for changes in the educational system was a major goal of the ethnic revival movements throughout the Western world (Banks and Lynch, 1986). Ethnic groups demanded changes in the educational system because they believed that the school could be an important instrument in their empowerment and liberation. Most ethnic groups have a tenacious faith in the school to help them attain social mobility and structural inclusion (Clark, 1973; Edmonds et al., 1973), despite the arguments by revisionists such as Bowles and Gintis (1976) and Jencks et al. (1972) that the school merely reproduces the social structure and depoliticizes powerless ethnic groups.
