ABSTRACT
The only party I'm for is the huge party this nation is going to throw on election day when we throw these arrogant bums out on their collective butts.
—Jack Gargan
If it's hard to devise a winning strategy for a single outsider seeking to defeat the duopoly, either as a third-party candidate or as an independent, it's even more difficult to build a successful new institution —a party with a coherent structure and message that can attract votes. Over the last ten years, three different third-party efforts have arisen seeking to attain that goal-the Reform Party, the Greens, and the New Party. Each has had an important impact and can teach us much about the future of third parties in America.
