ABSTRACT
This chapter considers the theoretical perspectives of the some counselling orientations identified as being the most commonly used in the survey sample questionnaire responses. It discusses the application of these in a cross-cultural setting. The chapter explores the issues of power in the counselling relationship. S. Freud developed his observations of his client group into an extensive theory of human behaviour, referred to as psychoanalytic theory. This encompassed both a therapeutic technique known as psychoanalysis and a theoretical model of personality. Freud saw the id as the original system of personality, composed of all that exists at birth including basic instincts. The id was the reservoir or container of all psychic energy which fuelled or drove the other two systems, the ego and superego. Racism and its development have been seen as related to the development of value control, during the child’s ‘anal period’.
