ABSTRACT
This chapter starts by differentiating between structural assimilation and cultural integration, each of which raises different empirical questions. It shows that, while there are major differences both between groups and between countries, there has been much more successful structural assimilation than is normally assumed. The chapter suggests that national models of integration are now converging on what could be called ‘civic republicanism’, which loosens the connection between ethnicity and national identity. Following the logic, in the new century social scientists have begun to suspect that increased ethnic diversity itself has undermined support for the welfare state. A rather different argument focuses on the issue of multi-culturalist politics and the welfare state. When claims are made and resources distributed on a ‘community’ rather than universal basis, the welfare state becomes understood as handouts for ethnic groups rather than the nation’s mutual support system.
