ABSTRACT
Chapter 5 analyses the development of Pakistan’s nuclear command and control (C2) from 1998 to 2013. The time frame is categorised into two stages – inception (1998–2004) and growth (2005–2013). This chapter focuses on the influence of the geo-strategic environment and nuclear weapon norms on developments made in integrating the three stakeholders within Pakistan’s nuclear C2 and standard operating procedures (SOPs) to ensure nuclear safety and security of nuclear operations. This chapter examines measures taken to seek a balance representation of all three stakeholders (politicians, military, and scientists) within nuclear C2, a factor for stability. In response to an uncertain and complex geo-strategic environment, the National Command Authority (NCA) has developed a diverse nuclear force, which contributes towards survivability, increasing stability. But, limited nuclear tests could cast a shadow of instability over nuclear C2. However, the combination of military domination and development of a short-range missile (Nasr) has raised the concern that Pakistan’s nuclear C2 is leaning more towards negative control. Nonetheless, in order to further stabilise itself, the NCA has formalised practices, procedures, and technologies to ensure against unauthorised nuclear launch. These practices and technologies are in conformity with international norms, which help to lend legitimacy to Pakistan’s nuclear C2.
