ABSTRACT
One of the original approaches to the modern study of animal intelligence was pioneered by Bitterman, whose efforts were directed toward the search for divergence and nonlinearity in learning mechanisms as reflected in the performance of different species on a variety of different learning tasks. H. J. Jerison has suggested that animal intelligence can be conceived of as the behavioral correlate of encephalization and has developed a measure of animal intelligence known as the encephalization quotient (EQ). Comparative approaches to animal intelligence have traditionally investigated the performance of different species on a variety of different learning tasks. Ecological approaches to animal intelligence have concentrated primarily on the adaptedness of an animal to its environmental niche rather than on the evolution of a generalized capacity called "intelligence." Most animals need to have a good working knowledge of the locations of biologically important resources in their environment.
