ABSTRACT
A burgeoning scholarly literature has addressed the question of compliance and implementation. Looking at the various MEAs in force, they have introduced more advanced mechanisms and tools to deal with cases of non-compliance with IEL norms. As a second point, a number of questions arise when it comes to the implementation of IEL and monitoring compliance with IEL norms. In addressing this issue, compliance systems face challenges determined by the de-centralised characteristics of the IEL system and its heterogeneity. In turn, biodiversity presents more innovations in terms of compliance with IEL, postulating a new era for compliance that moves beyond the inter-state system by incorporating the private sector. Interaction between the various systems through a systemic approach to IEL is crucial for the progress of the normative systems, as it is to develop a dynamic consideration of compliance, moving away from strict enforcement and embracing non-compliance.
