ABSTRACT
The bladder outlet is composed of the bladder neck and proximal urethra. This functional unit is of critical importance in maintaining continence during bladder filling, while acting as a compliant tube for urine passage during bladder emptying. Causes of bladder neck incompetence in children include neurologic insult (myelodysplasia), an anatomic insult (exstrophy/ epispadias or urogenital sinus), and trauma. The most common problem encountered in children is myelodysplasia, which has a reported incidence of one in 1000 live births in the US.1
