ABSTRACT

Taken as a whole, the years 1830-90 cover a number of eras: the age of Metternich; the 1848 revolutions; the decade of neoabsolutism; the constitutional experiments of the 1860s; and the age of dualism.1 Naturally, there is a number of controversies concerning most of these periods, yet before examining them it will perhaps be best to explain how the Habsburg monarchy worked.