ABSTRACT
In the modern period citizenship, or the framework of complex interlocking relations which exist between rights and duties in any legal and moral system, has expanded to embrace civil, political and social citizenship. Citizens have acquired legal, political and welfare rights, along with corresponding duties, and each phase of development has been associated with particular ideas of justice. The primary container of citizenship has been the nation state, but the growth of global networks of power, the urgency of global issues such as climate change, and the emergence of local groups, movements and nationalisms from below, now challenge the power and legitimacy of the nation state and that of the present undemocratic inter-state system. Calls for new systems of global governance and citizenship are intensifying and political theorists such as David Held (Box 10.4), suggest models for our consideration.
