ABSTRACT

People appear to think that implementation should be easy; they are, therefore, upset when expected events do not occur or turn out badly. As Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky described it, 'implementation may be viewed as a process of interaction between the setting of goals and actions geared to achieve them' and they defined implementation as 'the ability to forge subsequent links in the causal chain so as to obtain the desired results'. Policies which are politically and physically feasible may fail because too much is expected too or because insufficient resources are provided. Failure to provide resources is, typically, an EU problem. One of the indicators for perfect administration is the existence of a single implementing agency which does not depend on other agencies for success. Most bureaucracies are compartmentalised and, as a result, suffer from the co-ordination problems.