ABSTRACT
Myocardial function is regulated on a beat-by-beat basis, with heart rate and degree of contractility responding dynamically to a variety of physiological and metabolic demands. Primary effectors of this dynamic regulation are the beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling pathways. Although they have been investigated extensively, remarkable details regarding the complexities of adrenergic receptor signaling and gene regulation continue to be revealed at an astonishing rate.
