ABSTRACT
Almost twenty years have passed since these first studies were published. The research conducted in the wake of these seminal findings has uncovered mounting evidence for the pernicious effects of stereotype threat: Women underperform in math and science domains, political contexts, and chess (e.g., Maass, D’Ettole, & Cadinu, 2008; McGlone, Aronson, & Kobrynowicz, 2006; Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999); Latinos underperform on academic tasks (Schmader & Johns, 2003); older adults underperform on memory tests
Figure 5.1 Mean test performance by Black and White participants in Study 2 by Steele and Aronson (1995).
