ABSTRACT
This chapter emphasizes procedures using kelp gametophytes, particularly Macrocystis pyrifera; while microscale toxicity tests protocols have been developed for a variety of alga species. It discusses adaptations of the Macrocystis protocol for microscale toxicity test applications and some recent experiments which assess the ecological relevance of the 48-h toxicity test endpoints. Toxicity test methods for marine and estuarine environmental monitoring have evolved to include procedures for assessing sublethal effects of toxicants on a variety of species. The chapter also discusses the development of alternative protocols and endpoints using gametophytes of Macrocystis and other kelps, and progress on application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures for the 48-h Macrocystis protocol. Toxicity test protocols using kelp early life stages are significant components of state and national pollution monitoring programs in the US and contribute to databases necessary for establishing water-quality objectives for individual chemicals.
