ABSTRACT
We present a literature survey of fate and effects models which have been developed for aquatic communities or ecosystems. The majority of these models are seen as principally applicable to field tests. Generally, the models can be organized into four main groups (regression models, fate models, effects models, and integrated fate and effects models) providing different levels of hazard and risk assessment. Some models specifically designed for aquatic field tests are described in more detail. In addition to reviewing the choice of appropriate models, we discuss the application of models to the process of hazard and risk assessment, the special significance of models for field tests, and the importance of field tests in the process of model validation.
