Tripartite, but anti-Trinitarian formulas in the Qurʾānic corpus, possibly pre-Qurʾānic.

Qurʾān 112 (al-Ikhlāṣ) is said to be a complete Muslim confession of a strictly monotheistic faith, the very essence of the Qurʾānic message on the character of God. But, astonishingly enough, for formal reasons certain voices in the Muslim tradition do not consider it to be part of the Qurʾān, properly speaking. In fact, like the first Sūra (al-Fātiḥa; Qurʾān 1), an opening prayer, and the last two Sūras (Qurʾān 113 and 114), two prayers invoking shelter and protection against evil powers, it is not expressed in direct divine speech. Instead these four pieces belong to liturgy and ritual. Only an introductory formula such as qul, “say,” can turn – quite artificially – their character into direct divine speech.