with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor : this In twin and adoption studies, once an overall estimate of E has been derived by subtracting h from 100%, E can be further subdivided into two environmental com- ponents: Es (shared environment) and Eus (unshared environment). Once again, this can be done without utilizing direct measures of either. similar-more similar than would be expected from their shared genetics alone--or if adopted children are more similar the parents or siblings in their adopted families than they are adults or children in other households, this would imply an effect of their rearing environment, including of course the parents' child-rearing methods. Es estimated from sibling similarities, and any variance still unexplained after the

doi:10.4324/9780203822845-56

Chapter

with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor

Chapter

with G and E being interwoven all along the way (see Elman et alI996). The effects of genes depend on environmental triggers or enabling conditions, and the effects of different environments depend on the genetic characteristics of the individuals encountering an environment. When genes and environment act jointly, can emerge empirically in behavior genetics studies the form of either GXE corre-lations or GXE interactions. In estimating environmental effects, much depends on how these joint processes are handled (or not handled). Both kinds of coaction are considered below, but the main point here that neither G E covariances nor

this In twin and adoption studies, once an overall estimate of E has been derived by subtracting h from 100%, E can be further subdivided into two environmental com- ponents: Es (shared environment) and Eus (unshared environment). Once again, this can be done without utilizing direct measures of either. similar-more similar than would be expected from their shared genetics alone--or if adopted children are more similar the parents or siblings in their adopted families than they are adults or children in other households, this would imply an effect of their rearing environment, including of course the parents' child-rearing methods. Es estimated from sibling similarities, and any variance still unexplained after the

ABSTRACT

PARENTING AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN 13