The Relative fnji'equency Depression

Alloy et al (1990) also summarized evidence that cases of pure depression without concomitant anxiety were rarer than cases of pure anxiety without concomitant depression. This pattern can be observed at the purely sympto- matic level: Individuals with a diagnosis of MDD typically show levels of anxiety on self-report or clinical rating scales that arc as high as---or higher TilE HELPLESSNESS/IIOPELESSNESS PERSPECTIVE Alloy, Mineka, and col- leagues proposed a helplessness/hopelessness perspective to clarify these im- portant features of anxiety-depression eomorbidity (A 1I0y et al 1990, see also Garber ct 1980). Their model integrates Abrarnson et ai's (1989) hopeless-