ABSTRACT

An intriguing, albeit less studied, issue in Chinese law is: What forces have shaped the evolution of legal rules in China? Traditionally, the Chinese lawmaking process has been seen as a top-down one dominated by the political elite, the Party and government institutions, with minimal input from nonstate actors.1 Enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations have largely been shaped by ideological pursuits and national policies2 and by the political bargaining and compromise between powerful central-level state actors3 and between the central and the local governments.4