ABSTRACT
The funding of higher education throughout the world and especially within the low-income, or developing countries has faced dramatic changes in the last decades of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century, which will only accelerate in the decades ahead. The funding-pattern shifts are caused by rising needs for higher education based on economies and democratic societies, by growing demands for higher education access, and by the worldwide expansion of higher education costs-or revenue requirements-above the corresponding rates of increase of available revenues, especially those that are dependent on government. The consequence in most of the world has been a shortage of revenue to accommodate both the greater costs of instruction and research as well as (and exacerbated by) the increasing revenue needs of rising enrollments.
