ABSTRACT
By the mid-1980s the risk-need (RN) model of correctional assessment and rehabilitation had become the risk-need-responsivity model (RNR) (Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990). From the beginning, a general social learning model of deviance was applied, and it is still known as the personal, interpersonal, and community-reinforcement perspective (PIC-R) (Andrews, 1982b). us, from the beginning, general cognitive social learning strategies were seen as universally applicable (general responsivity) with an appreciation for specic responsivity being developed in the 1980s and 1990s. By the late 1990s, the RNR model formally included principles having to do with systematic attention to stang and management issues (Andrews, 2001; Bonta & Andrews, 2007).
