ABSTRACT
In this chapter, we aim to contribute to filling that lag by considering some aspects of attachment theory within a cultural perspective with particular reference
CONTENTS An Overview of the BID Model: Relatedness and Individuation as Distinct and Complementary Self-Orientations 36
Four Self-Types Proposed 38 Four Contexts (or Family Types) Proposed 38
The Nature of the Attachment and Exploration Linkage: Are They Inexorably Linked or Distinct Orientations? 41
Association of Attachment Security With Relational and Individuational Self-Orientations 42 Attachment and Exploration as Distinct and Complementary Orientations 44 A Four-Category Model Associated With Secure/Insecure Combinations of Attachment and Exploration Orientations 45
Conclusions and Suggestions 46 References 49
to findings from Turkey, where Islam is the predominant religion in a traditionally collectivistic context (Hofstede, 2001). In accordance with the collectivist and religious traditions, the Turkish context is characterized by an emphasis on interpersonal relationships and close ties with family and relatives encouraging higher levels of relatedness than, for instance, the more individualistic Swedes (E. O. Imamoğlu & Imamoğlu, 1992; E. O. Imamoğlu, Küller, Imamoğlu, & Küller, 1993) or Americans (E. O. Imamoğlu & Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, 2006; Uleman, Rhee, Bardoliwalla, Semin, & Toyama, 2000). Furthermore, when asked about their desired levels of relatedness, Turkish people consistently report favoring even more relatedness with family members and neighbors (E. O. Imamoğlu, 1987; E. O. Imamoğlu & Imamoğlu, 1996). Thus, in spite of the rapid socioeconomic change Turkey has been going through especially since the last five decades, and the trends toward individuation in self-development and values (E. O. Imamoğlu, 1987; E. O. Imamoğlu & Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, 1999; Karakitapoğlu-Aygün & Imamoğlu, 2002), there has not been a parallel decrease in relatedness trends.
