ABSTRACT
Suppose you have a friend who doesn’t spend his money very freely. You can understand his behavior in at least two very different ways. You might think of him as stingy. This contrasts with generous. These words raise the issue of how willing he is to part with his money to benefi t someone else. Stingy says “not very” and imposes a negative judgment. But the same behavior might also be described by someone else as thrifty. Here, the opposite is wasteful, and the issue is how effi ciently he manages his money. The judgment is positive.
