ABSTRACT
The multicultural literature and the emerging guidelines that were eventually written in the early 1990s (American Psychological Association, 1993), followed by subsequent changes (American Psychological Association, 2003), paved the way for a more integrated approach to counseling and psychotherapy for distinct ethnic and racial communities. A significant aspect of the writing over the last 25 years has focused primarily on psychological intervention for individuals as opposed to couples and family therapy. As a result, there continue to be limited conceptual and theoretical models that integrate issues associated with socioeconomic status, impact of ethnic minority membership, residing in violent neighborhoods, and the role of poverty associated with psychological intervention for families (D. W. Sue & Sue, 2003; S. Sue, Zane, Hall & Berger, 2009). The linkage between these important dimensions for communities of color and their integration in meaningful psychological care remains conceptually absent (Ridley, 1995). These findings extend to the life-span experiences of racism and men of color, and how they are disclosed in therapy.
