ABSTRACT
The expansion of urban development into increasingly marginal sites, and the invention of new pile construction techniques, make the economics of deep foundations increasingly attractive. Recent technological improvements have led to a proliferation of pile types and installation methods. Displacement piles, driven into the ground by hammering or vibration, remain widely used for offshore and nearshore foundations. For onshore foundations, non-displacement piles have increased in popularity during the past 50 years since these can be installed without the noise and vibration associated with conventional methods of pile driving.
