ABSTRACT
Grassroots environmental movements can be divided into four types: the resistance of “affected communities” in the global South; environmental justice campaigns in the global North; direct action anarchistic green networks sometimes inspired by ecocentrism or deep ecology; and more recently climate protest networks such as the climate strikes led by young people and Extinction Rebellion. The first two of these types of grassroots movement typically emerge in reaction to a new threat or suddenly imposed grievance affecting a locality. The Place-based grassroots environmental movements are rarely bound wholly by their location and are linked to national politics and international political actors through network ties. The transnational wave of climate change protests in 2019 by young people walking out of school in climate strikes and the civil disobedience of Extinction Rebellion can be seen as indicative of a new twenty-first century form of movement organization in which “the communication networks become the political organization”.
