ABSTRACT
Work carried out in the 1970s refined knowledge about civil-military relations and military intervention, rule, and extrication. The availability of specialized journals devoted to the study of armed forces, such as Armed Forces and Society and the Journal of Military and Political Sociology in the United States, gave further impetus to scholarly work. Much of the literature has been addressed to asking: what are the impacts of the military as ruler or as important actor and interest group of national modernization. Various analysts defined modernization in their own fashion, some stressing quantifiable variables such as industrialization, GDP structure or rate of growth, ratios of animate to inanimate energy sources. If the highly aggregated concept of modernization has to some extent bedeviled analysis of armed forces and society, especially in developing countries, so too has the category of "the military" created problems for analysis.
