ABSTRACT

Nanobiotechnology, often described as the hybrid science resulting from the merging of two powerful scientifi c realms, biotechnology and nanotechnology, refl ects science’s growing ability to conduct investigations beyond molecular level. The applications of nanotechnology in medicine and biomedical engineering are extensive, spanning areas such as implant and tissue engineering, diagnosis and therapy. Research and development in different areas of nanobiotechnology aspires to develop highly functional biosensors, nanosized microchips, molecular switches and tissue analogs for skin, bones, muscles and other organs. This chapter discusses recent developments in nanobiotechnology applicable in the areas of load-bearing orthopedic and dental implants as well as novel tissue engineered scaffolds. Major research outputs in this area are discussed with reference to metallic and composite biomaterials. Many studies have demonstrated that implants

having nanotopography stimulate more positive cellular responses than conventional materials. Nanomaterialistically manipulating the surface chemistry of implants is an advantageous approach to enhance implant performance. Nanostructured tissue engineered scaffolds are attractive as they mimic natural bone materials and can enhance the mechanical properties without diminishing bioactivity. Despite these advantages, there exist several unresolved questions concerning the safety of engineered nanomaterials, raising challenges to their practical applications.