ABSTRACT
Certain congenital anatomical abnormalities, notably bladder exstrophy epispadias, spina bifida and neuropathic bladder sphincter dysfunction, lead to urinary incontinence in children as a result of inadequate function of the urethral sphincter. Urinary incontinence can have severe consequences on self-esteem and quality of life; therefore, the importance of effective treatment should not be underestimated.
