ABSTRACT
Increased serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and ferritin may indicate advanced aggressive disease, as may the absence of E-rosette inhibitory factor.41-43 NSE levels must be evaluated on the basis of age-related reference values and Berthold et al. found that initial values were not prognostically predictive in stage 4S disease.44 Other less specific markers have been detected in patients with neuroblastomas, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes 2 and 3, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Tsuchida has reviewed the place of markers in childhood solid tumors.45
