ABSTRACT
Biodegradation/bioconversion, 3-4 aerobic, 219-229, 245 ASTM definitions, 51 of CA/starch blends, 183-193 of cellulose acetates, 4, 21-36 of cellulose esters, 91-105,
307-312 of chitin, 39-40 definition, 108 microbial aspects, 61-68 of PE copolymers with aromatic
compounds, 259-264 of PHB/CAB blends 83-88 of polycaprolactone, 275-281 of polyethylene, 117-138 of poly-D,L-lactic acid PU,
251-258 of polymers, 21-36, 49-59, 63 of polyurethane, 151-158 of starch, 4, 271-274
at high temperatures, 69-77 testing (see also Test methods,
degradation), 21-36 of thermoplastic polyester-
urethane), 268-270
Biodeterioration (vs. biodegradation), 108
testing, 108-115 Biogas, 22, 31, 66 Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 110 BIOPOL, 8
composting of, 15-20 cost, 65 and mixed plastic waste stream,
17-19 regrind, 17
Block polymers, 205, 210-215, 259, 264, 283-284
Butyric acid, 174-176 /3-Butyrolactone, 205
Caprolactone, 196 Cellulose, 73, 307-312 Cellulose acetate (CA), 91, 95-104
composting with, 21-36 mineralization of, 31-32 and starch blends, 183-193
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate),
79-89 Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP),
85-86, 91, 93, 99-103 Cellulose ester-diluent mixtures,
91-105 Cellulose triacetate (CTA), 85, 93-94 Chitin and chitosan
applications and aspects, 37-48 degradation of, 39-40 production, 40 properties, 40 recycling, 46-47
Cleavage (of polymers), 63-64 Cometabolism, 220-221 Compost-C02 test, 223, 225-227 Composting
bench-scale methodology, 93-104 of BIOPOL, 15-20 of CA/TEC mixtures, 96-99 with cellulose acetate, 21-36,
85 of cellulose ester-diluent mixtures,
91-105
[Composting] definition, 220 of Mater-Bi Z grades, 247-250 of poly caprolactone, 275-281 of starch-based materials, 271-274 test methods, 21-36, 185-186,
219, 248-249 Crotonic acid, 10 Cryptomaria, 152, 157 Cyclodextrin, 164 Cysteine proteinase, 75
Deacetylase enzymes, 32-33, 39 Degradable polymers, 7-13, 49-50,
95, 231 definitions, 51 potential uses, 55-58 testing (see also Test methods,
degradation), 51-55, 107-115
Degradation (see also Biodegradation) of CAP/aliphatic polyester blends,
99-104 effects of moisture content, 31 effects of surface area, 224-225 of polyacrylate, 243-246 of poly(j6-hydroxybutyrate)s,
283-288, 297-302 of poly (lactic acids), 201-202 of polymers, 7-13, 49-59, 63 of xylan, 73-74, 85
Degradation fragments, 51-53 Degradation products, 7-13
adipic acid, 11 of photodegradable PE films,
128-139 polyladipic anhydride, 11
Degree of substitution, 91-93, 96, 184-185, 188, 193
Elastomers, 61-68 Environmental safety assessment
(ESA), 53-55 Ethylene-CO copolymer,
photodegradation, 232 Extractions of polymers, 9
Fingerprinting, 7, 11-13 Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
22, 199 Fructose, 167, 170-174
Glucosamine (GlcN), 38, 46 Granular cold-water-soluble (GCWS)
starches, 162
High density polyethylene (HDPE), 17-18, 119-120
Homopolymers, 205-207, 260 Humus/humification, 31, 221 Hydrolytic degradation, 51-64, 69-70,
84, 103, 227 of poly (lactic acid), 201-202 of PEL, 268-270 of poly (0-hydroxy butyrate), 185
Hyperthermophilic microorganisms, 69-70
Incineration, 2-3 Integrated waste management,
219-229 International Chitin Conferences, 38 International Biodeterioration Research
Group (IBRG), 110 International Mycological Institute
(IMI), 110, 111
Lactic acid (LA), 11, 254, 265-270 L-Lactide, 205, 207-214 Low density polyethylene (LDPE), 8,
9, 13, 17-18, 119-121, 126, 139-149
Lysozyme, 46
Mater-Bi, 91, 93-96 classification, 247-248 Z grades, composting, 247-250
Melt flow index (MFI), 18, 120-121 Metal proteinase, 75 Methane, 66
Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 205 Mineralization, 22, 25-26, 31-32, 52,
95, 220-221 Mixed plastic waste stream and
BIOPOL, 17-19 Moisture content, effect on
degradation, 31-34 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 2, 219
synthetic, 24-25
No effect concentration (NOEC), 53
Oxidative polymer, 51
Packaging materials, 4, 66, 118, 231-232
1,3,5,-Pentane tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), 243, 246
Photo(bio)degradation, 51, 139-149, 231-240
Photofragmentation, 128 Photooxidation, 121-127, 128,
132-136 Polyacrylate (PA), 243-246 Polyacrylonitrile, 18-19 Poly (adipic anhydride) (PAA), 7-13 Poly(0-butyrolactone)s, 206-207, 208 Polycaprolactone (PCL), 91-95, 111,
112, 219, 221-228, 248, 275-281
Polyesters (see also individual polyesters)
copolymers with aromatic compounds, 259-264
lactic acid-based aliphatic polyesters, 195-204
microbial polyester, 294 Poly (ester-urethane) (PEU),
265-271 Polyethylene (PE) (see also High den
sity and Low density PE), 117-138, 139-149, 184
ECO polymers, 126-130, 132 metals-containing, 122-126,
132-135, 142
[Test methods, degradation] standard tests for plastics, 107-115
290-291 of starch, 70-73, 272 of xylan, 73-74
Test methods, detection/identification of degradation products, 8-10, 25, 224-228
Test methods, synthesis of block polymers, 209-215 of celluloses, 308 of chitin, 40 of homopolymers, 206-209 of poly(j8-hydroxybutyrate)s, 284 of poly (lactic acid), 252-253 of poly-L-lactide, 266 of poly (methyl methacrylate),
215-217 of polyurethanes, 152-153 of synthetic MSW, 25
Thermal degradation of PHBs, 286-287
Thermoplastics, 12, 61-68, 93, 168, 265-270
Thermoplastic starch films, 272 Triethylcitrate (TEC), 91, 96-99
Urethane compounds, 252-253, 255, 258
Ultraviolet exposure, 121-124, 143
S-Valerolactone, 205, 210-211
Xanthomonas maltophilia, 243, 244 Xylan degradation, 73-74, 85
