ABSTRACT
Bone is a complex living connective tissue, which plays a vital role in providing structural framework, mechanical support, and exibility to the body. In addition to these, bone is also involved in mineral storage and homeostasis especially calcium and blood pH regulation and possesses other secondary functions (Harold and Shim 1963). Bone is traumatized under various circumstances such as accidents, and growth defect and primary tumor resection, which lead to bone defect. The traditional treatment strategies such as grafting (auto-, allo-, and xenografting) and metallic implants are followed to treat bone loss or bone defect. Implementation of these procedures is limited due to donor site morbidity, tissue availability, inammation, and the risk of transmission of bacterial infection. Bone tissue engineering, considerably a new eld, has emerged that uses the principles of bone biology and engineering discipline in generating various articial synthetics as well as natural biodegradable substitutes known as scaffolds to treat bone loss.
