ABSTRACT
Atmospheric pollutants, such as S 0 2, NOx, H2S 0 4, H N 03, 0 3 and particulates, accelerate the deterioration of carbonate stone buildings and monuments (Amoroso and Fassina, 1983; Hoffmann, 1986; Butlin, 1991; Haneef et al., 1992). While Voelcker (1864) noted these deleterious effects over a century ago, stone degradation has escalated in recent decades. The escalation is attributed to the increase in anthropogenic pollutants (Schaffer, 1932; Babu Rao, 1983; Livingston and Baer, 1983). Computer-modelled S 0 2 concentrations for twenty American cities from 1880-1980 demonstrated that S 0 2 levels increased with increasing population, industry and dependence on bituminous coal (Lipfert, 1986; Meierding, 1993). Damage assessments, which report much higher levels of deterioration in urban than in rural areas, support these
findings (Vella et al., 1996; Schreiber and Meierding, 1999; Meierding, 1993; Feddema and Meierding, 1987; Husar et al., 1985; Kupper, 1975).
