ABSTRACT
Most of the studies documented the number of subjects, their age, and gender information. The majority of ketamine abusers were in their early 20s to 30s, with men being more prevalent. Duration of ketamine usage was the most common determinant of the severity of drug use, with only two of the studies reporting daily dosage (Chang et al. 2012; Tsai et al. 2009). Interestingly, both of them (Chang et al. 2012; Tsai et al. 2009) make up only a handful of studies listing data from individual subjects. (The other examples being Huang et al. 2014, Mason et al. 2010, Misra et al. 2014, and Oxley et al. 2009.) Where appropriate, correlation analyses were applied for these studies. (Refer to Section 10.2.3.)
In the urine of virtually all ketamine users tested, no bacterial culture was found. Another feature shared among a predominant number of studies (and subjects) listed in Table 10.1 was the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which was often the very reason the subjects were recruited or admitted in the rst place. Ketamine-associated LUTS may include increased frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, dysuria, bladder pain, and hematuria (Bokor and Anderson 2014; Skeldon and Goldenberg 2014). In many of the studies concerned, whether the individual subjects possessed one or more of the LUTS was not considered in
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conjunction with the specic LUT pathophysiological nding. Such information would have enabled the examination of any correlation between presenting LUTS and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A large-scale retrospective study documented the percentage of patients admitted to hospital accident and emergency departments with each of the different LUTS, although no LUT pathological data were recorded (Ng et al. 2010). Knowing how LUTS of individual subjects relate to LUT pathology would add much value to our understanding of ketamineassociated toxicity.
