ABSTRACT
Familial background is an important, non-modifiable risk factor. First-degree relatives of PDAC patients have an approximately two-to three-fold increased risk to develop the disease themselves depending on the age of the affected family member ( 47 , 48 ). Familial predisposition seems to account for approximately 1.9% to 5% of all PDAC cases ( 1 , 49 , 50 ) and occurs in three clinical settings: ( 1 ) familial pancreatic cancer syndrome (FPC), ( 2 ) hereditary pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis, and ( 3 ) hereditary tumor syndromes involving the pancreas such as the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
