ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ................................................................ 219 A. Surface Charge Determining Ions...................... 220 B. Specifically Adsorbing Ions................................. 221 C. Indifferent Ions and Indifferent
Electrolytes.......................................................... 222 II. The Electrical Double Layer ...................................... 222
A. Gouy-Chapman Model........................................ 222 B. Stern-Gouy-Chapman Model ............................ 227 C. Triple Layer Models ............................................ 231 D. Alternative Treatments of the
Double Layer....................................................... 232 E. Nonrigid Particles ............................................... 234
III. Surface Ionization ...................................................... 235 A. Adsorption of Primary Charge-Determining
Ions: Outline........................................................ 235 B. Monofunctional Surfaces .................................... 237 C. Zwitterionic surfaces........................................... 242 D. Mineral Oxide Surfaces ...................................... 243
1. 2-pK, 1-pK, and MUSIC Model .................... 243 2. Generalized 1-pK SGC Model....................... 250 3. Brief Discussion of the 2-pK Models ............ 255
IV. Specific Adsorption..................................................... 257 A. General Aspects .................................................. 257 B. Specific Adsorption on Independent Sites ......... 261 C. Surface Ionization and Complexation of
Monovalent Ions.................................................. 263 D. Complexation of Multivalent Ions...................... 272
1. General Aspects ............................................ 272 2. Complexation and the MUSIC model:
CD-MUSIC .................................................... 274 3. Surface Complexation and the
2-pK Models................................................... 285 4. Recent Overviews ......................................... 286
V. Adsorption of Organic Ions ........................................ 290 A. Introduction......................................................... 290 B. Strong Organic Electrolytes ............................... 292 C. Weak Organic Electrolytes ................................. 300 D. Adsorption of Organic Ions and Site
Competition......................................................... 302 VI. Surface Heterogeneity................................................ 303
A. Introduction......................................................... 303 B. Ion Adsorption in a Monolayer........................... 304
1. Generalized Adsorption Equation ................ 304 2. Random Heterogeneity ................................. 307 3. Patchwise Heterogeneity .............................. 314
C. Multicomponent Adsorption ............................... 316 1. Generalized Multicomponent
Adsorption Equation..................................... 316 2. Fully Independent Intrinsic
Affinities ........................................................ 317 3. Fully Coupled Intrinsic Affinities and
Random Heterogeneity ................................. 317
4. Fully Coupled Intrinsic Affinities, Variable Stoichiometry, and Random Heterogeneity................................................ 319
D. Determination of the Distribution Function .............................................................. 322 1. Methods to Obtain the Distribution
Function ........................................................ 322 2. LIA Methods.................................................. 324
References............................................................................ 334
I. INTRODUCTION
For the behavior of colloidal particles in solution the surface charge is an important factor for many applications. The sign and magnitude of the surface charge are directly related to colloid stability (see e.g., [1]) and they profoundly influence the adsorption characteristics of particles. Examples of such behavior are numerous. Ions adsorbed at the surface will change the particle charge, the surface, and Stern layer potential and hence the electrostatic particle-particle interaction. In the case of adsorption of organic ions structural effects may also affect the particle-particle interaction [2].
