ABSTRACT
The complexity of the female anatomy poses a challenge for the pelvic surgeon during gynecologic procedures. During both abdominal and vaginal surgery, the intimate embryological and anatomical relationships between the various pelvic organs can be a source of complications. Congenital and acquired conditions can inevitably distort the anatomy and lead to unforeseen injuries. The pelvic surgeon needs to attain a comfortable level of knowledge regarding the female anatomy and become technically skilled at abdominal and vaginal surgery. It is important to develop the ability of preventing, recognizing, and managing injuries during gynecologic surgery.
