ABSTRACT

AETIOLOGY Ureteric obstruction (UO) can arise from disease of the ureter, the retroperitoneum or the abdomen, or as ureteric involvement in systemic disease. It can also arise as a consequence of bladder outflow obstruction. Obstruction can be unilateral or bilateral, acute or chronic, partial or complete, constant or intermittent. The causes of obstruction can be classified as congenital or acquired, luminal or extraluminal (see Table 7.1).