ABSTRACT
It has been known for many years that dysfunctional abnormalities of the lower urinary tract may affect the performance of the upper urinary tract in several respects. Typical examples of such bladder dysfunction include those associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy and the changes which are observed after neurological damage to the spinal cord – the neuropathic bladder. It is recognized that the renal damage caused by such interaction between the lower and upper tract may be severe, silent and progressive, leading to terminal renal failure if the abnormalities are not recognized and corrected.
