ABSTRACT
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 109 Animal Cell .................................................................................................................................. 110
Cell Structure .......................................................................................................................... 110 Extracellular Matrix ............................................................................................................... 111 Cell Lines ................................................................................................................................. 112
Culturing Conditions For Animal Cells ................................................................................... 114 Substrate for Cell Attachment .............................................................................................. 114 Culture Medium ..................................................................................................................... 114 Serum ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Serum-Free Medium .............................................................................................................. 117 Temperature and pH .............................................................................................................. 117 Dissolved Oxygen .................................................................................................................. 117
Cell Culture Kinetics ................................................................................................................... 118 Growth Kinetics ...................................................................................................................... 118 Cell Metabolism ...................................................................................................................... 119 Cell Cycle ................................................................................................................................. 119 Apoptosis ................................................................................................................................. 120
Animal Cell Bioreactors ............................................................................................................. 120 Bioreactors for Suspension Cultures ................................................................................... 122 Perfusion Cultures ................................................................................................................. 122 Microcarrier Cultures ............................................................................................................ 122 Hollow-Fiber Reactors ........................................................................................................... 123 Fibrous-Bed Bioreactors ........................................................................................................ 123
Industrial Applications ............................................................................................................... 123 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 125 References ..................................................................................................................................... 125
end products to provide artiŠcial skin grafts, islet cells, hepatocytes, and bone marrow implants and to produce recombinant and natural proteins like human growth hormone, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), monoclonal antibodies (MAb), vaccines, interferons, and blood clotting factors. Animal cells are often more advantageous than yeast or bacterial cells for the production of recombinant proteins on a large scale. Proteins that need to be heavily glycosylated for function, or need a proper folding environment because they have a large number of disulŠde bonds, are often made in animal cells. Bacterial cells cannot perform glycosylation or phosphorylation, and yeast cells cannot carry out complex glycosylation reactions. Often the glycosylation carried out by yeast cells is not authentic. Animal cells not only secrete the products efŠciently but also provide excellent glycosylation and phosphorylation.
