Simplified numerical method for tunnel design under seismic condition: Some examples about Istanbul Metro design, Kadikoy-Kartal Line

Tunnels and underground structures are usually affected by earthquakes in terms of transient ground motion and permanent ground deformation, which take place due to the shaking. As for transient

1 INTRODUCTION

Historical data usually report that underground facilities experienced a lower rate of damage than surface structures, thus leading to the assumption that tunnels, particularly the ones which lie deeper, can be affected by very little damage during a seismic shake, due to their vibration mode which is very close in terms of amplitude and frequency to that of the surrounding ground.