ABSTRACT
The rst applications of grouting were in the elds of mining (shaftsinking) and hydro-engineering (grouting under dams). These go as far back as 1802, when Berigny repaired the foundation of a sluice at Dieppe (France), followed by similar applications at Rochefort, where leaks into a dock were stopped by mortar injections. Ground stabilisation around city excavations for high-rise structures and subways (Metro) have been prominently added to these examples, as well as immobilisation of waste, grouting behind tunnel linings, and rehabilitation of concrete structures of dams. A prominent example for the latter is shown in Figure 5.1.*
Commercial considerations and costs are, of course, at all times a matter of the market, and therefore difcult to generalise. In general, grouting is only viable if other more economical and ‘designable’ ground engineering techniques would be physically impossible, and if the process may be accomplished within acceptable construction time using drilling techniques and grout material both available and economical. Grouting pressures applied must stay below the pressure level causing ground fracturing, and the technical result (for instance, increase in strength or reduction of permeability) must be reasonably anticipated during design considerations.
