ABSTRACT
Natural and anthropogenic factors (agricultural activities) accelerate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Although since the green revolution some practices of intensive agricultural, i.e., huge application of chemical fertilizers, biomass burning, tillage practices, faulty land-use conversion, deforestation, and other human activities results several GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O, etc.) leads warming effects of global earth’s ecosystem that affects all living treasure (loss of biodiversity, emergence of infectious disease and insect pest, poor quality of timbers and overall biomass and soil productivity) through extreme weather events. Climate 2change (CC) affects agroecosystem structure and functions, which in turn affects overall production and ecosystem services, which are prerequisites for sustaining humans and animal life. However, the agroecosystem itself contributes in GHGs emissions through the application of chemical fertilizers, application of mechanized technology, a huge amount of pesticides and herbicides, etc. that give higher and ample production along with releasing GHGs into the atmosphere. Therefore, climate-smart agriculture, location-specific agroforestry practices, conservation agriculture, nontillage system, integrated farming systems (IFS), etc. are the viable practices that not only enhance overall biomass productivity but also mitigate the CC impact through enhancing the storage and sequestration capacity of carbon into the both vegetation and soils. Healthy agroecosystem provides healthy soils and plants which sustain all livestock and human population and maintains food and nutritional security (FNS) along with environmental security. Therefore, there is a linking concept among agroecosystems, food, and nutrition, and environmental security. Moreover, effective government policy, NGOs, private agencies, and educational institutions should take some prioritized thrust areas for the research and development for better agroecosystem structure and functions, which can be the betterment of all biodiversity and ecosystem health.
