ABSTRACT
The large-scale processes of modernization carved sources of division and cohesion into European societies. The formation of nation-states and national cultures in Europe resulted from conflict among ethnic groups. New occupations and industries; migrations from rural to urban areas; the spread of formal schooling and differences in educational attainment; variations in religiosity; differences in language; and the formation of political movements split societies into swirls of overlapping social class, ethnic, and political patterns. The chapter provides the analysis of electoral cohesion against the effort to detail the patterns of diversity. An analysis of Vienna's social and political structures during the 1920s displays a pattern of crisscrossing complexity. In Vienna, there was a complex arrangement between occupation and ethnicity. Census data on the residential distribution of the city's ethnic groups permit the most detailed look at the Jewish community, whose members continued to display high levels of residential concentration.
