ABSTRACT
Every New President Faces the task of deciding how to structure and manage high-level foreign-policymaking in his administration. Periodically–indeed, at least once in each presidential administration–the foreign-policymaking system was reorganized. The president's basic choice is whether to give his secretary of state the primary role in the foreign-policymaking system or to centralize and manage that system from the White House itself. The personal attitude toward conflict that a president brings into office is likely to determine his orientation to the phenomena of "cabinet politics" and "bureaucratic politics" within his administration as well as to the larger, often interlinked game of politics surrounding the executive branch. Three management models have been identified that characterize at least in general terms the approaches displayed by different presidents. These are the "formalistic," "competitive," and "collegial" models. The formalistic model is characterized by an orderly policymaking structure, one that provides well-defined procedures, hierarchical lines of communication, and a structured staff system.
