ABSTRACT
In the twentieth century, military establishments are situational more than class elites. That is, the military's corporate and individual power, status, and material well-being depend upon its relationship to a strong and relatively stable state structure. In communist revolutionary regimes created by guerrilla armies the question is extremely complex. In China that part of the central governing elite represented by Mao perceived that a major danger to the revolutionary character of the Chinese state came from the deadening effect of the behavior of the party bureaucrats. Inclusionary attempts are most likely where the oligarchical order is beginning to erode under the pressures of early modernization, where political mobilization, while growing, is still relatively low and undifferentiated, and where the industrialization process is still at an early stage. It is clear that Peru, in the period before the military assumed power, had been undergoing a process of growing societal crisis.
