ABSTRACT
The European Defence Fund reveals an intriguing aspect of dual-use theory and practice, namely, that the European Commission has committed to maintaining a specific ‘defence’ focus for the Fund in a sector that is increasingly marked by dual-use technologies and systems. This chapter analyses how the European Commission defines ‘defence’ in the context of globalised technology markets before then showing how the Commission intends to balance civil, security and defence research when the EU is funding defence research projects. Drawing on technology domains such as cyber and Artificial Intelligence, the chapter sheds light on how the newly found desire to fund defence research and capability projects at the EU level works in practice.
