ABSTRACT
Rage, anger, and aggression are ubiquitous phenomena in human beings. Rage is one of the three biologically promoted forms of aggression. The others are predatory aggression and social dominance. They are somehow neurobiologically distinctive among them (Damásio, 1994, 1999; Panksepp, 1998; Siegel, 2005; Panksepp & Biven, 2012). Rage is the only one that seems to rely on a distinct emotional system that is dedicated to a primary-process form of aggression, being a primary-process capacity (Panksepp & Biven, 2012, p. 17). Rage systems exist in all mammalian brains. “Aggression is not always accompanied by anger, and anger does not necessarily lead to aggression, especially in mature humans who can control such base impulses. Aggression is a broader phenomenon than anger itself” (Panksepp, 1998, p. 187).
