ABSTRACT
Sigmund Freud's personal sense of morality informed rigorous standards of professional conduct that he advocated among psychoanalysts. The inconsistency in Freud's positions, that psychoanalysis is natural, biological, and amoral while its practice is, or ought to be, ethical, is problematic. In "'Civilized' sexual morality and modern nervous illness", Freud discussed the implications for moral theory of his longstanding views on the sexual aetiology of neurosis. The internalisation of external moral authority within the psyche, through the establishment of the superego, completed Freud's moral theory. A great change takes place only when the authority is internalized through the establishment of a super-ego. Freud's moral theory and his various formulations that were inconsistent with it differed in their basic philosophical assumptions. According to Freud's moral theory, good and evil are misnomers, fictions, or illusions, for which reason the psychology of good and evil consists of the psychological manufacture and projection of moral illusions.
