ABSTRACT
I. Introduction 385
II. Cellular Evolution of Lung Cancer 387
III. Imaging Modalities 387
A. Autoflourescence Bronchoscopy 387
B. High-Magnification Bronchovideoscopy 390
C. Narrow-Band Imaging 391
D. Optical Coherence Tomography 392
E. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 394
IV. Conclusions 395
References 396
I. Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States.
The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 173,770 new cases
of lung cancer diagnosed in 2004 and that 160,440 people will die of lung
cancer in the same year (1). According to these estimates, lung cancer will rep-
resent 13% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed when compared with 17% for prostate cancer, 16% for breast cancer, 8% for colon cancer, and 4% for skin
cancer. However, more people will die of lung cancer in 2004 than of the
earlier listed cancers combined. In fact, deaths due to lung cancer are estimated
to account for 28% of all the cancer related deaths in the United States in 2004.